The objectives of this study were to describe the calling sites and identify the reproductive modes for the anuran assemblage in a temporary pond associated to a floodplain system in a Neotropical region in Southern Brazil. In this study we analyzed the influence of temperature, rainfall and hydroperiod on the calling activity of an anuran assemblage. A total of 19 amphibian collections were carried out over a year (from September 2004 to August 2005). Seventeen anuran species of six families were identified: Bufonidae (1), Cycloramphidae (1), Hylidae (6), Leiuperidae (4), Leptodactylidae (4) and Microhylidae (1); however, only fifteen species were observed in calling activity. Three reproductive modes were observed for the community, and the habitat use was temporally and spatially partitioned. 66.7% of the species had the generalized aquatic mode. The anurans presented a prolonged calling activity, and only Chaunus fernandezae presented an explosive pattern. While rainfall for the previous 24 h, air temperature and water depth influenced the calling activity of many anuran species over the studied period, daily rainfall, rainfall for the previous 24 h and water temperature did not influence it.